Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist inclinations. It's still more stable than expected.
The country is in search of an innovative development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the today's Koreans were able to survive by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools and later iron ones. They traded with other countries and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan and also art styles as well as a written language and papermaking.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded in the southern region of the peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society that included a monarch as well as senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the rest of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to serve in the army or work on projects for the government like building fortifications.
At the close of the period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thought into its state belief system and made the male centered filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families and had to be respected and obeyed by all people, even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a country that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the patterns created by the mouth when pronouncing. This significantly improved communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Additionally, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form cist graves lined with stone, with precious objects like amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens and constructed of single large stones, are widespread throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was then ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do consider to be a genuine Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful however, its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territorial holdings. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters the post-crisis era, its development paradigm appears to be in flux. Those who are appalled by the enormous cost of the old system are urging an extensive program of liberalization in capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand those who support the old system want to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears of job loss.
Policy and academic analysts are starkly divided as to the extent to which these two developments are driving Koreas development towards a new model of economic governance. This article reviews developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution: the illiberal democratic period (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also identifies the key factors that are driving these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views among this group. A survey conducted in 2009 found that nearly one third of respondents do not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory contradicted their religion; and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. This level of doubt is similar to that of the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not accept that humans evolved from earlier species of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea focused primarily on educating students and bringing Christ to them. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. The event was attended by a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The meeting was covered extensively in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the group reported on its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for the existence of God. 바카라 에볼루션 translated a number of films and slides from ICR and also a few books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks at universities and churches throughout the country.
에볼루션바카라 was observed at KAIST University in Seoul. There, there were enough students interested in the idea of creationism that they raised enough money and support to construct an on-campus museum with creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, which covers topics in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created a network of local branch offices that host seminars and talks to schoolchildren and community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other style elements imported from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. During 바카라 에볼루션 samulnori, also known as dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various musical instruments.
The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new development paradigm. The main challenge for the new regime lies in the proper balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also requires a change in the incentives monitoring and discipline policies that been a part of the pre-crisis system. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 & 4.
The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and migrants from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies on the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries enabled powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo.
However the rule of his was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the central government system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. From then on the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.